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-es","说明复数名词指称不止一个"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.K.1c","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y1.Word.1","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y1.Word.2"],"deg":5,"r":6.6485291572496,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[30],"deps":[63,53,46,231],"x":742.43,"y":-426.28},{"i":37,"id":"mt_QEr24lqzvH","name":"句子的开头与结尾","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":5,"ageEnd":8,"ageMid":6.5,"centrality":0.09439124487004104,"description":"句子以大写字母开始，并以恰当的标点（句号、问号或感叹号）结束；辨认并说出句末标点","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 写‘猫坐在垫子上’这样的句子时，他会不会记得开头用大写字母、结尾用句号——而不需要别人提醒？","evidence":["写句子时以大写字母开头","为陈述句、疑问句和感叹句选择并使用正确的句末标点","阅读时辨认并说出句号、问号和感叹号的名称"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.1.2a","ccss-ela:L.1.2b","ccss-ela:L.2.2a","ccss-ela:L.2.2b","ccss-ela:L.K.2a","ccss-ela:L.K.2b","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y1.Punc.2","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y2.Punc.1","uk-nc-2013:Eng_Y1_WVGP_03","cn-2022:YW-34-YF2"],"deg":9,"r":8.1,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[28],"deps":[226,280,38,55,39,32,42,31],"x":616.38,"y":-401.42},{"i":38,"id":"mt_mKAZTqItRG","name":"撇号：缩写与所属","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":6,"ageEnd":7,"ageMid":6.5,"centrality":0.0560875512995896,"description":"在书写中用撇号表示缩写（标示省略的字母）和单数所属，并区分这两种用法","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 写‘don’t’或‘it’s’这样的词时，他会不会把撇号放在正确的位置——并且也能写出‘the dog’s bowl’来表示碗属于这只狗？","evidence":["在同一段文字中正确在‘don’t’和‘Sam’s 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写一个列举三样或更多东西的句子——比如去野餐要带的东西——他会不会在每一项之间都加上逗号？","evidence":["写一个含三个及以上项目、用逗号分隔的列举句：‘我买了苹果、香蕉和橘子’","在一句没有标点的列举句中找出逗号应有的位置","说明逗号分隔列举中的各项，便于读者分辨每一项"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.1.2c","ccss-ela:L.3.2b","ccss-ela:L.5.2a","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y2.Punc.2","uk-nc-2013:Eng/KS1/Y2/VGP/1","cn-2022:YW-34-YF2","cn-2022:YW-56-YF2"],"deg":11,"r":8.701587101675258,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[28,37],"deps":[61,84,85,69,67,43,83,70,81],"x":645.34,"y":-389.98},{"i":40,"id":"mt_RioBUxHz1X","name":"限定词与冠词","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"CONCEPTUAL","typeLabel":"概念性","ageStart":6,"ageEnd":7,"ageMid":6.5,"centrality":0.002735978112175103,"description":"在名词前正确使用限定词（冠词 a/an/the 以及指示词 this/that/these/those）","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 写近处的东西和远处的东西时，他会不会用对词——手里拿着的说‘这本书’，房间另一头的说‘那本书’？","evidence":["在辅音发音前用‘a’、元音发音前用‘an’：‘一个球’‘一个苹果’","指着物体时区分近处的‘这个/这些’与远处的‘那个/那些’","选择正确的冠词（a/an/the）补全句子"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.1.1h"],"deg":2,"r":5.087005768508881,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[30],"deps":[49],"x":721.29,"y":-462.02},{"i":41,"id":"mt_cU3LcEVkBQ","name":"扩展名词短语","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":6,"ageEnd":7,"ageMid":6.5,"centrality":0.05198358413132695,"description":"使用扩展的名词短语进行描写和限定，在名词前加上形容词和其他修饰语（如‘那只蓝色的蝴蝶’‘那扇老旧嘎吱作响的门’）","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 在作文里描写一样东西——比如一只宠物或玩具——他会不会加上额外的描写词，比如‘那只小小的、毛茸茸的兔子’，而不只是写‘兔子’？","evidence":["通过加形容词把‘猫’扩展成‘毛茸茸的黑猫’","在独立写作中使用带两个及以上修饰语的名词短语","选择准确的形容词让名词短语更生动：如‘一只瑟瑟发抖的小猫’"],"standards":[],"deg":8,"r":7.774011537017762,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[253,28,30],"deps":[60,48,90,43,66],"x":627.05,"y":-395.69},{"i":42,"id":"mt_u1-UfD0rTH","name":"四种句子类型","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"CONCEPTUAL","typeLabel":"概念性","ageStart":6,"ageEnd":7,"ageMid":6.5,"centrality":0.08071135430916553,"description":"理解并使用四种句子类型——陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句——认识到语法模式如何标示句子的功能","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 能不能分清疑问句（‘你饿了吗？’）和祈使句（‘吃你的晚饭！’）——并用正确的标点写出每种类型的句子？","evidence":["从一组句子中写出或辨认陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句","把每种句子类型与正确的句末标点对应起来","按要求把陈述句改成疑问句或祈使句"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.1.1j","ccss-ela:RF.1.1.a","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y2.Sent.3","uk-nc-2013:Eng/KS1/Y2/VGP/2a"],"deg":6,"r":7.054030511288037,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[28,37],"deps":[85,55,43,47],"x":614.43,"y":-427.74},{"i":43,"id":"mt_qzwQAOfurw","name":"语法术语：名词、动词与时态","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"LANGUAGE","typeLabel":"语言","ageStart":6,"ageEnd":7,"ageMid":6.5,"centrality":0.06703146374829001,"description":"在讨论中正确使用并理解二年级的语法术语：名词、名词短语、陈述句、疑问句、感叹句、祈使句、复合词、后缀、形容词、副词、动词、时态（过去/现在）、撇号、逗号","assessmentPrompt":"如果你让 {{name}} 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写一个故事或留言时，他能不能用‘因为’‘但是’‘当……时’或‘如果’这样的词把两个想法连起来——而不是把每个念头都写成短短的独立句？","evidence":["用从属连词写出‘因为下雨，我待在屋里’","用‘but’和‘or’连接想法：‘我想玩，但是下雨了’","在写作中使用‘when’和‘if’引导的分句：‘如果雨停了，我们就可以出去’"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.1.1g","ccss-ela:L.2.1f","ccss-ela:L.3.1h","ccss-ela:L.3.1i","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y2.Sent.1","uk-nc-2013:Eng/KS1/Y2/VGP/2d","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_VGP_1","cn-2022:YW-34-YF2"],"deg":14,"r":9.509149034870488,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[208,28,42,33],"deps":[73,51,69,94,86,88,50,92,78,95],"x":571.39,"y":-422.76},{"i":48,"id":"mt_j351evNNnB","name":"形容词与副词","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"CONCEPTUAL","typeLabel":"概念性","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":8,"ageMid":7.5,"centrality":0.01367989056087551,"description":"正确使用形容词和副词，根据被修饰的是名词还是动词/形容词来选择（如‘她跑得快’与‘她动作快’）","assessmentPrompt":"如果 {{name}} 写‘她跑得quick’而不是‘她跑得快’，他能不能察觉需要用副词来描述跑步——并自己改正过来？","evidence":["选择正确的形式：‘狗是（慢/慢慢地）’与‘狗走（慢/慢慢地）’","判断一个词在给定句子里修饰的是名词（形容词）还是动词（副词）","同时加上形容词和副词扩展句子：‘高个子男孩跑得快’"],"standards":["cn-2022:YW-34-YF2"],"deg":3,"r":5.690896534380867,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[41],"deps":[66,59],"x":665.01,"y":-347.89},{"i":49,"id":"mt_2l06snztdP","name":"选择 A 还是 An","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"LANGUAGE","typeLabel":"语言","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":8,"ageMid":7.5,"centrality":0.002735978112175103,"description":"正确使用不定冠词——辅音发音开头的词前用‘a’，元音发音开头的词前用‘an’（如 a rock、an open box、an hour、a unicorn）","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 写作时，他会不会自动在辅音发音开头的词前用‘a’、在元音发音开头的词前用‘an’——比如‘一只猫’但‘一个苹果’或‘一个小时’？","evidence":["在辅音或元音发音开头的名词前正确选择‘a’或‘an’（如‘一个球’‘一个蛋’‘一把伞’）","把规则用在拼写与发音不一致的难词上（如‘an hour’因为 h 不发音，‘a uniform’因为 /juː/ 以辅音发音开头）","改正给定句子中 a/an 的误用（如把‘a orange’改成‘an 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写故事时，他会不会用‘之后’‘同时’或‘不久’这样的时间词来显示事情发生的顺序——而不是每句话都用‘然后’开头？","evidence":["用时间连词连接分句（如‘因为下雨，我们进了屋’‘铃响之后，我们排好队’）","在句子中使用表时间和原因的副词（如‘她先开了门。然后，她走到外面。于是，她淋湿了。’）","在短语中使用表时间和原因的介词（如‘上课期间’‘午饭前’‘因为下雨’）"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y3.Sent.1","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_VGP_4","cn-2022:YW-12-XH","cn-2022:YW-12-KY","cn-2022:YW-34-KY","cn-2022:YW-34-ZH","cn-2022:YW-34-YF2"],"deg":5,"r":6.6485291572496,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[34,47],"deps":[61,72,86],"x":574.63,"y":-389.66},{"i":51,"id":"mt_B8JOz79O6t","name":"语法术语：从句与连词","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"LANGUAGE","typeLabel":"语言","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":9,"ageMid":8,"centrality":0.05471956224350205,"description":"在讨论阅读和写作时，准确使用并理解三年级的语法术语：介词、连词、词族、前缀、从句、从属分句、直接引语、辅音字母、元音字母、引号/引语标记","assessmentPrompt":"如果你让 {{name}} 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写方向说明或某地描写——比如‘在那棵老树后面’或‘在小山顶附近’——时，他会不会自然地使用介词短语来表明位置或时间？","evidence":["在介词短语中辨认介词和名词短语，如‘在旧桥下’中‘under’是介词，‘旧桥’是名词短语","加上介词短语，用关于地点、时间或方式的细节扩展句子，如‘猫睡了’→‘猫整个下午都睡在温暖的窗台上’","区分充当形容词的介词短语（修饰名词：‘山上的房子’）与充当副词的介词短语（修饰动词：‘她跑过田野’）"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.4.1e","cn-2022:YW-34-YF2","cn-2022:YW-56-YF2"],"deg":4,"r":6.199999999999999,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[61,60,50,34],"deps":[],"x":575.33,"y":-374.17},{"i":73,"id":"mt_7oZ2YenzhX","name":"修正句子碎片与粘连句","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.008207934336525308,"description":"辨认并改正句子碎片（缺少主语或谓语的不完整句子）和粘连句（两个及以上独立分句没有恰当标点或连词就连在一起）","assessmentPrompt":"如果 {{name}} 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structuring，如‘第一个理由……第二个理由……此外……’"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y5.Text.2","uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.Comp.2d","cn-2022:YW-34-YF2","cn-2022:YW-56-YF2"],"deg":4,"r":6.199999999999999,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[61,68],"deps":[91,299],"x":523.34,"y":-390.29},{"i":76,"id":"mt_N9zffZxuu5","name":"情态动词与可能性","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"CONCEPTUAL","typeLabel":"概念性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.09986320109439124,"description":"理解并使用情态动词（can、may、must、might、shall、will、could、should、would）和情态副词（perhaps、surely、certainly）来表示不同程度的可能性、必要性和许可","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 写作时，他会不会在‘必须’‘可能’‘可以’和‘应该’之间选择，来表明某事是确定的、可能的，还只是一个想法——而不是把每个动作都当作板上钉钉？","evidence":["选择一个情态动词来表达句子中的确定、很可能或可能，如‘会下雨’‘可能下雨’‘也许下雨’","用情态副词替换情态动词达到类似效果，如‘他可能来’→‘也许他会来’","在语境中区分表示许可（may、can）、义务（must、should）和可能（might、could）的情态动词"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.4.1c","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y5.Sent.2","uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.VGP.1e","cn-2022:YW-34-YF2","cn-2022:YW-56-YF2"],"deg":4,"r":6.199999999999999,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[56,65,44,64],"deps":[],"x":715.88,"y":-402.59},{"i":77,"id":"mt_mkDqmejLMw","name":"进行时与连续时","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"语法与标点","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.09849521203830369,"description":"构成并使用进行体（连续体）动词时态——过去进行时（was walking）、现在进行时（am walking）和将来进行时（will be walking）——来表达不同时候正在进行的动作","assessmentPrompt":"如果 {{name}} 想描述过去一段时间内正在发生的动作——比如‘电话响时，我正在读书’——他能不能把动词写成正确的过去进行体？","evidence":["用过去进行时写句子，描述在某个特定时刻正在进行的动作，如‘电话响时，她正在读书’","区分现在进行时和一般现在时，如‘我正在吃午饭’（此刻）与‘我中午吃午饭’（习惯）","用‘will 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控制模式拼写单词"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y1_22","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y1_26","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y1_27","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y1_28","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y1_29","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y1_42","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y1_43","cn-2022:YW-12-PY"],"deg":1,"r":4.3,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[113],"deps":[],"x":554.45,"y":-268.4},{"i":119,"id":"mt_t1JXeNgKcu","name":"认读缩写","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼读与单词认读","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":5,"ageEnd":6,"ageMid":5.5,"centrality":0.04787961696306429,"description":"认读并理解带撇号的缩写，知道撇号代表被省略的字母","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 是否理解‘can’t’意思是‘cannot’、‘it’s’意思是‘it is’——并且知道撇号代表缺失的那一个或几个字母？","evidence":["在文本中读出常见缩写（如‘I’m’‘we’ll’‘don’t’）","把缩写与其展开形式对应起来（如‘I’m’=‘I 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-ful、-less、-ness、-ly：careful、hopeless、sadness、slowly","判断一个词根该用哪条后缀规则，并说明原因"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.1.2d","uk-nc-2013:Eng/KS1/Y2/S/2","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y2_10","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y2_11","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y2_12","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y2_13","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Y2_21","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY"],"deg":6,"r":7.054030511288037,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[225,224,227],"deps":[236,238,254],"x":673.56,"y":-297.85},{"i":234,"id":"mt_HdI1y5KsBl","name":"表示所属关系的撇号（7岁及以上）","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":8.5,"centrality":0.02188782489740082,"description":"在规则与不规则复数名词后准确使用所属格撇号（如 the girls' bags、the children's toys），区分单数所属与复数所属。","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 写到属于一群人的东西——比如“the children's coats”或“the teachers' cars”——他们是否会把撇号放在正确的位置？","evidence":["在复数所属中正确放置撇号：the dogs' kennel 与 the dog's kennel","正确写出不规则复数的所属形式（如 children's、women's、mice's）","在听写句中区分单数所属（the boy's hat）与复数所属（the boys' hats）"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.3.2d","ccss-ela:L.4.2d","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y4.Punc.2","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_16","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_Trans_Spell_4","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_VGP_8","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":2,"r":5.087005768508881,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[53,231],"deps":[],"x":775.12,"y":-401.94},{"i":235,"id":"mt_37QCuGOxFe","name":"同音异形词","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":9,"ageMid":8,"centrality":0.02188782489740082,"description":"区分并正确拼写三至四年级阶段遇到的常见同音异形词与近同音词（如 accept/except、affect/effect、brake/break、grate/great），包括使用发 /eɪ/ 音的 ei、eigh 或 ey 拼写。","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 书写时，是否会为音同义异的词选用正确拼写——比如自行车上的“brake”与折断的“break”？","evidence":["在语境中正确拼写同音异形词对（如 there/their/they're、brake/break、grate/great）","选择正确的同音异形词完成句子（如“The dog wagged its/it's tail”）","用 ei、eigh 或 ey 拼写发 /eɪ/ 音的词（如 vein、eight、they、neighbour）"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_15","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_17","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_Trans_Spell_2","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ"],"deg":4,"r":6.199999999999999,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[224,230,121],"deps":[242],"x":598.69,"y":-304.79},{"i":236,"id":"mt_T6nrrf2K43","name":"前缀（7岁及以上）","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":8.5,"centrality":0.02051983584131327,"description":"拼写带多种前缀的词（dis-、mis-、un-、re-、pre-、anti-、auto-、super-），理解每个前缀如何在不改变词根拼写的情况下改变其意义。","assessmentPrompt":"如果 {{name}} 看到以“dis-”“mis-”或“pre-”开头的词，能否通过思考前缀来推断词义并正确拼写？","evidence":["正确拼写带 dis-、mis-、re- 前缀的词，不改变词根（如 disappoint、misspell、return）","给词根加 un-、pre-、anti-、auto-、super-，并在句中运用新词（如 unhappy、preview、autograph）","解释前缀如何改变词根的意义（如 dis- 表示“不”或“相反”）"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.2.4b","ccss-ela:RF.3.3.a","uk-nc-2013:Eng.App2.Y3.Word.1","uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.Trans.Spell.1","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_04","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_Trans_Spell_1","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":6,"r":7.054030511288037,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[224,233,228],"deps":[79,241,260],"x":688.59,"y":-269.49},{"i":237,"id":"mt_O2dS6gvClw","name":"拼写词表（7岁及以上）","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":9,"ageMid":8,"centrality":0.02325581395348837,"description":"拼写三、四年级法定词表中的单词，包括不遵循常规规律、常易拼错的词。","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 能否在书写时凭记忆拼出学校三、四年级词表上的难词——比如“enough”“believe”或“separate”？","evidence":["正确拼出三至四年级法定词表中至少20个词（如 accident、believe、different、favourite、imagine）","找出法定词表中的难点部分，并用策略记住它们（如“separate”中间藏着一个“a rat”）","在各学科的自己的写作中准确使用法定词表词"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_18","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_Trans_Spell_3","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ"],"deg":3,"r":5.690896534380867,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[229,230],"deps":[245],"x":616.34,"y":-298.94},{"i":238,"id":"mt_tHtjfjjFrl","name":"后缀（7岁及以上）","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":9,"ageMid":8,"centrality":0.02735978112175103,"description":"运用能产性后缀（-ation、-ly、-ous）以及三至四年级课程中引入的较不常见的音—形对应（y 发 /ɪ/，ou 发 /ʌ/，以 /ʒə/、/tʃə/、/ʒən/、/ʃən/ 结尾）来拼写单词。","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 能否正确拼出以“‑tion”“‑ous”或“‑ly”结尾的词——例如“nation”“famous”或“quietly”——而不需要查词典？","evidence":["拼写带 -ation（如 information、sensation）、-ly（如 sadly、gently、happily）、-ous（如 famous、enormous、various）后缀的词","拼写较不常见元音模式的词：y 发 /ɪ/（如 myth、gym），ou 发 /ʌ/（如 young、touch、double）","拼写以 /ʒə/ 作 -sure（如 measure、treasure）、/tʃə/ 作 -ture（如 creature、furniture）、/ʒən/ 作 -sion（如 division、television）结尾的词"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_01","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_02","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_03","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_05","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_06","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_07","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_08","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_09","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y34_10","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_Trans_Spell_1","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ"],"deg":6,"r":7.054030511288037,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[233,227],"deps":[246,244,71,240],"x":725.76,"y":-316.14},{"i":239,"id":"mt_6W5zzDIGZH","name":"用词典核对拼写","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":7,"ageEnd":11,"ageMid":9,"centrality":0.01231190150478796,"description":"用单词的前两三个字母在词典中核对拼写；查阅包括初级词典在内的参考资料来核实并纠正拼写。","assessmentPrompt":"如果 {{name}} 不确定某个词怎么拼，能否用前两三个字母在词典中查到它，从而快速找到？","evidence":["用单词的前两三个字母在词典中找到该词（如通过“be-”找到“beautiful”）","通过与词典条目比对，核对并纠正拼写错误（如查 freind → friend）","用词汇表或初级词典确认自己写作中所用词的拼写"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.2.2e","ccss-ela:L.3.2g","ccss-ela:L.4.4c","ccss-ela:L.5.4c","uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.Trans.Spell.5","uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.Trans.Spell.6","uk-nc-2013:Eng_LKS2_Write_Trans_Spell_5","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":3,"r":5.690896534380867,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[110,146],"deps":[265],"x":492.55,"y":-380.75},{"i":240,"id":"mt_y8sicbhMci","name":"源自希腊语、法语与拉丁语的拼写","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":8,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9,"centrality":0.02325581395348837,"description":"拼写带有希腊语（ch 发 /k/）、法语（ch 发 /ʃ/、-gue、-que）与拉丁语（sc 发 /s/）词源字母模式的单词。","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 是否知道有些词的字母模式来自其他语言——比如“school”或“chorus”中 ch 发“k”音——并且能正确拼出这些词？","evidence":["拼写带希腊语 ch 的词，如 scheme、chorus、chemist、echo，并解释 /k/ 的读音模式","拼写带法语 ch 的词，如 chef、chalet、machine，以及 -gue/-que 结尾如 league、unique","拼写带拉丁语 sc 的词，如 science、scene、discipline，并指出不发音字母的模式"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.Trans.Spell.4","cn-2022:YW-12-SZ","cn-2022:YW-12-PY","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":5,"r":6.6485291572496,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[238],"deps":[247,241,268,243],"x":707.78,"y":-319.56},{"i":241,"id":"mt_U_HQXCnAaG","name":"高级拼写惯例","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.02051983584131327,"description":"运用五至六年级的各类拼写惯例：在重音仍落在 -fer 时双写（referring 但 reference），用连字符连接前缀与词根（co-ordinate、re-enter），c 后 ei 发 /iː/（receive、ceiling），以及字母组合 ough 表示不同读音（though、through、thought、thorough、plough）。","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 能否正确拼出像“receive”“though”或“co-ordinate”这样的难词，包括知道何时使用连字符，以及“c”之后用“‑ei”模式？","evidence":["运用 -fer 双写规则：重读音节时双写 r（referring、preferred、transferred），重音转移时不双写（reference、preference）","当前缀末尾字母与词根首字母相同时正确使用连字符（re-enter、co-own），或为避免歧义使用（re-cover 与 recover）","通过识别 ough 的多种读音来认读与拼写含 ough 的词：/oʊ/（though）、/uː/（through）、/ɔː/（thought）、/ʌf/（rough）、/aʊ/（plough）"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.VGP.2b","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_06","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_07","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_08","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_09","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":2,"r":5.087005768508881,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[236,240],"deps":[],"x":727.88,"y":-283.21},{"i":242,"id":"mt_u3OuIXqmAo","name":"同音异形词（9岁及以上）","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.02188782489740082,"description":"区分并正确拼写五至六年级阶段的同音异形词与易混词（如 affect/effect、practice/practise、advice/advise、complement/compliment、aisle/isle、led/lead），包括 to/too/two、there/their/they're 等易混词。","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 书写时，是否会为常混淆的词选用正确拼写——比如“affect”与“effect”、“practice”与“practise”，或“there”“their”与“they're”？","evidence":["通过在语境中分析意义，从一对同音异形词中选出正确拼写，例如“医生的建议（名词 advice）是每天练习（动词 practise）”","运用词类线索准确拼写易混词：advise/advice、practise/practice、licence/license（动词以 -ise 结尾，名词以 -ice 结尾）","在长篇写作中识别并纠正同音异形词错误，包括 to/too/two、there/their/they're、whose/who's、its/it's"],"standards":["ccss-ela:L.4.1g","uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.Trans.Spell.3","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_11","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":1,"r":4.3,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[235],"deps":[],"x":627.88,"y":-269.2},{"i":243,"id":"mt_XK7NYt61cO","name":"单词中的不发音字母","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.01778385772913817,"description":"拼写含有不发音字母的单词（这些字母是早期读音或词源留下的痕迹），识别常见的不发音字母模式，并借助词源记住它们。","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 书写含有不发音字母的词——比如“knight”“wrap”或“lamb”——他们是否会记得加上这个虽听不到但不该省略的字母？","evidence":["识别并拼写词首含不发音辅音的词：knight、know、write、wrap、gnaw、psalm，运用这些字母曾被发音的知识","拼写词中含不发音字母的词：doubt（b）、island（s）、muscle（c）、solemn（n），借助词源联系辅助记忆（如 doubt 源自拉丁语 dubitare）","用词族与词源记住不发音字母，例如 sign 与 g 发音的 signal 相关"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng.UKS2.Write.Trans.Spell.2","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_10","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":1,"r":4.3,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[240],"deps":[],"x":745.77,"y":-301.79},{"i":244,"id":"mt_9hBs430cU4","name":"拼写 -able 与 -ible","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.01641586867305062,"description":"拼写以 -able/-ible 结尾的词及其副词形式 -ably/-ibly，依据词根判断该用哪个后缀。","assessmentPrompt":"当 {{name}} 需要拼写以“‑able”或“‑ible”结尾的词——比如“comfortable”或“visible”——能否选对词尾并正确拼出？","evidence":["运用准则：-able 通常用于完整的词根（enjoyable、comfortable），而 -ible 用于不完整的词根（visible、possible），注意主要例外","将 -able/-ible 形容词改为副词，把词尾变为 -ably/-ibly，例如 comfortable → comfortably、possible → possibly、terrible → terribly","判断加 -able 时词根末尾的 e 是去掉还是保留，例如 adorable（去 e）与 changeable（在软 g 前保留 e）"],"standards":["uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_04","uk-nc-2013:Eng_App1_Sp_Y56_05","cn-2022:YW-34-SZ","cn-2022:YW-56-SZ"],"deg":1,"r":4.3,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[238],"deps":[],"x":769.78,"y":-307.14},{"i":245,"id":"mt_sJyZW4qYUG","name":"拼写词表（9岁及以上）","subject":"语文（读写素养）","domain":"拼写与词法","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.02325581395348837,"description":"拼写五、六年级法定词表中的单词，包括具有不规则或罕见拼写模式、须逐个学习的词。","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 能否在书写时凭记忆拼出学校五、六年级词表上的挑战性单词——比如“accommodate”“conscience”或“prejudice”？","evidence":["在听写句中准确拼出五至六年级词表中的高频词，如 accommodate、committee、correspond、exaggerate、immediately、necessary","用“看—盖—写—查”与记忆术策略学习难拼词，如 separate（中间藏 a rat）、rhythm（rhythm helps your two hips 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IIII。"],"standards":["cn-2022:MATH-34-NS","cn-2022:MATH-56-NS","cn-2022:MATH-34-WEI2"],"deg":1,"r":4.3,"k12":null,"k12New":false,"prereqs":[897],"deps":[],"x":446.49,"y":-976.11},{"i":904,"id":"mt_5NwqN6pf_A","name":"大数取整","subject":"数学","domain":"数的表示与位值","type":"PROCEDURAL","typeLabel":"程序性","ageStart":9,"ageEnd":10,"ageMid":9.5,"centrality":0.05471956224350205,"description":"利用位值理解，把不超过 1,000,000 的任意整数四舍五入到最接近的 10、100、1,000、10,000 或 100,000。","assessmentPrompt":"{{name}} 能把像 346,712 这样的大数四舍五入到最接近的 1,000（347,000）或 10,000（350,000）吗——并说出每次取整要看哪一位数字？","evidence":["把 456,782 四舍五入到最接近的 10,000（460,000）。","把 950,500 四舍五入到最接近的 100,000，并说明临界情况。","用取整估算 387,412 + 214,560 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